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MLA Style Explained

MLA Style Manual & Complements

MLA Style Center: Writing Resources from the Modern Language Association (online guidance)

Comparing Citation Styles

The objectives of all citation styles are extremely similar yet it can be challenging to move between styles to meet the requirements of different classes and instructors.

Remember to always take a deep breath.

The elements to include in a citation rarely vary between styles.  What changes is the sequence of the elements and their format.  Here is a high level comparison of the major differences between APA and MLA citation styles.  Scribbr also provides more detailed comparisons of several major citation styles.

Definitions:

  • In-Text Citation
    Acknowledgement of the source for text that is quoted or paraphrased from another source, placed in the text using parenthesis
  • Numerical Citations
    Acknowledgement of the source for text that is quoted or paraphrased from another source using a number either in brackets or as superscript that links to the full citation in a numbered list.
  • Note citations
    A citation and/or text note is placed at the bottom of the relevant page of text, indicated by a number either in brackets or as superscript.

Image source: Scribbr

I am not endorsing any services (free or fee) provided by Scribbr but their graphics are very helpful.

JSTOR generated the following citations for the same items in
MLA, Chicago, and APA styles.

Can you identify the differences, both big and small?

What type of source is cited below? 
Citations for same item in MLA, Chicago, and APA Styles
What type of source is cited below?
Citations for same item in MLA, Chicago, and APA Styles

Note: When using citations generated by any kind of software, always review your references
and make any necessary corrections before using.

In the examples above there is an error in the citations for one of the publications. 
The error appe
ars in all three styles generated by JSTOR. 
Can you identify it?


Type of Source Answers:
The work by Wanzo is a chapter in a book.  The work by Million is an article in a journal.

Citation Errors Made by JSTOR in the examples above:
The author's name, Rebecca Wanzo, is not capitalized in any of the citation styles.  Neither are the names of the editors of the  book in which Ms. Wanzo's chapter appears, Maggie Hennefield and Nicholas Sammond.

MLA Style Background Information

Allen, Mike. (2017) Modern Language Association (MLA) Style, IN The SAGE Encyclopedia of Communication Research Methods. 4 vols. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc, 2017. SAGE Research Methods. Web. 24 Jun. 2020, doi: 10.4135/9781483381411.

Encyclopedia article providing description of the elements of MLA Style.  What follows are a selection of additional articles in the encyclopedia explaining the writing and citing processes.  Use links at the bottom of each article to continue exploring.

  • Boon, Belinda. "Bibliographic Research." The SAGE Encyclopedia of Communication Research Methods, edited by Mike Allen, vol. 1, SAGE Reference, 2017, pp. 92-94. Gale eBooks, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX7191000047/GVRL?u=northwestern&sid=bookmark-GVRL&xid=20a7322f.
  • "Citations to Research." The SAGE Encyclopedia of Communication Research Methods, edited by Mike Allen, vol. 1, SAGE Reference, 2017, pp. 134-136. Gale eBooks, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX7191000064/GVRL?u=northwestern&sid=bookmark-GVRL&xid=f3c542e1
  • Butler, Jennifer A. "Literature Reviews, Resources for." The SAGE Encyclopedia of Communication Research Methods, edited by Mike Allen, vol. 2, SAGE Reference, 2017, pp. 880-881. Gale eBooks, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX7191000298/GVRL?u=northwestern&sid=bookmark-GVRL&xid=91aede5b